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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era ： ウィキペディア英語版 Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era The architecture of Scotland in the Roman era includes all building within the modern borders of Scotland, from the arrival of the Romans in northern Britain in the first century BCE, until their departure in the fifth century. Although Ptolemy indicated that there were 19 "towns" in Caledonia, north of the Roman province of Britannia, no clear evidence of urban settlements has been found and these were probably hillforts. There is evidence of over 1,000 such forts, most below the Clyde-Forth line, but the majority seem to have been abandoned in the Roman period. There is also evidence of distinctive stone wheelhouses and small underground souterrains. From about 71 CE the Romans began military expeditions into what is now Scotland, building forts, like that at Trimontium, and probably pushing north as far as the River Tay where they created more fortifications, like those at Inchtuthil. These were soon abandoned, and the Romans settled for the occupation of the Southern Uplands by the end of the first century, below a line drawn between the Tyne and Solway Firth. This resulted in more fortifications and the building of Hadrian's Wall across what is now northern England. Around 141 CE they moved up to construct a new ''limes'', a sward-covered wall made of turf known as the Antonine Wall, the largest Roman structure in modern Scotland. They soon retreated to Hadrian's Wall, with occasional expeditions that involved the building and reoccupation of forts, until the collapse of Roman power in the early fifth century. ==Caledonia== Caledonia was the name that the Romans gave to the land north of their province of Britannia. In his ''Geographia'', Ptolemy, possibly drawing on earlier sources of information as well as more contemporary accounts from the Agricolan invasion, identified 19 "towns" in Caledonia. No archaeological evidence of any truly urban places has been found from this time, and the names may have indicated hill forts, temporary markets or meeting places. Most of the names are obscure: ''Devana'' may be the modern Banchory, ''Alauna'' (meaning "the rock") in the west is probably Dumbarton Rock and the place of the same name in the east of the Lowlands may be the site of Edinburgh Castle. ''Lindon'' may be Balloch on Loch Lomond side.〔A. Moffat, ''Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History'' (London: Thames and Hudson, 2005), ISBN 0-500-28795-3, pp. 268–70.〕 There is evidence for about 1,000 Iron Age hillforts in Scotland, most located below the Clyde-Forth line.〔 The majority are circular, with a single palisade around an enclosure.〔J-D. G. G. Lepage, ''British Fortifications Through the Reign of Richard III: An Illustrated History'' (McFarland, 2012), ISBN 0-7864-5918-2, pp. 25 and 31.〕 However, they appear to have been largely abandoned in the Roman period.〔A. Konstam, ''Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland'' (Botley: Osprey, 2010), ISBN 1-84603-686-0, p. 12.〕 There are also numerous vitrified forts, whose walls have been subjected to fire, which may date to this period, but an accurate chronology has not been created. Extensive studies of this type of fort at Finavon Hill near Forfar in Angus, suggest dates for the destruction of the site in either the last two centuries BCE, or the mid-first millennium CE.〔D. Alexander, "The oblong fort at Finavon, Angus" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, ''In the Shadow of the Brochs'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), ISBN 0-7524-2517-X, pp. 45–54.〕 Many of these forts would be reoccupied after the Roman departure.〔A. Konstam, ''Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland'' (Botley: Osprey, 2010), ISBN 1-84603-686-0, p. 12.〕 Beyond the area of Roman occupation, in the west and north, there are over 60 sites identified of wheelhouses. Perhaps a development of earlier Atlantic roundhouses, these have a characteristic outer wall surrounding a circle of stone piers (bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel).〔I. Crawford, "The wheelhouse" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, ''In the Shadow of the Brochs'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), ISBN 0-7524-2517-X, pp. 127–28.〕 Over 400 souterrains, small underground constructions, have been discovered in Scotland, many of them in the south-east, and although few have been dated, those that have suggest a construction date in the second or third centuries CE. They are usually found close to settlements (whose timber frames are much less well-preserved) and may have been for storing perishable agricultural products.〔R. Miket, "The souterrains of Skye" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, ''In the Shadow of the Brochs'' (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), ISBN 0-7524-2517-X, pp. 77–110.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.